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What chemical helps the flavor last longer?
BHT Potasium Sorbate, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Calcium Disodium EDTA. Take your pick, all are flavor stabalizers and prolongers. Look at any soda can or bagged or canned food. You are likely to find one of those or an abbreviation for one of them
How does a circuit work?
A circuit works through a series of components mainly resistors, capacitors, and IC's. There are different types of IC's the main groups are AND, OR, NOR, & NAND. Those are just the basics you first learn about when dealing with electronics. These IC's work from what we call the binary code which is just a bunch of 1's and 0's. 1 is a logical high which gives you a positive voltage and 0 is a logical low which gives you no voltage. Lets say you have an and gate hooked up to a 150ohm resistor(it's used for voltage protection of your component)connected to a simple LED. In order to get this LED to have a logical high both inputs A and B have to get a high in order for your output to be high which in return allows voltage to pass through the resistor to your LED this powering your light emmitting diode. i hope this helped.
A circuit is just that a circuit of something. In electricity, it is the flow of electricity from the power source, through the wires, and back to the power source. You flip a switch, the power flows to the device, and continues back completing the circuit.
Where is rubber found?
Rubber is naturally made from the sap of rubber trees.These grow in tropical climates such as Malaysia. We can also make synthetic rubbers, starting with substances from crude oil. Natural rubber has few uses in its untreated state, being a very soft substance. Examples include insulation and adhesives. Most rubber is hardened by the process of vulcanisation which cross links the molecules to make the substance harder. It then has many applications such as vehicle tyres, air hoses and rainwear.
What is the effect of Gatorade on teeth?
Nothing, Gatoraid is simply electilites (salts) that you need to sweat. Soduim and Calcium should have no deleterious effect. As for the coloring, I supose if you drank enough you could turn your teeth what ever color it is. Answer Over a period of time the sugar in Gatorade can cause harm to teeth, but sugar in anything could do that. My dentist told me when I had a tiny bit of tooth decay and to stay away from breads because of the sugar. Of course I told him where he could go and left. Answer Gatorade does cause damage to the teeth. In recent dental studies, it was found to be more damaging to teeth then soda pop. The reason is it has a very low pH (about that of your stomach acid), and the acid breaks down the protective bone-like layer on your teeth, enamel. In addition it contains sugar, which worsens the damaging process. Answer Gatorade is primarily made of dicrybondinate, a substance commonly found in the northern reaches of Venezuela. Dicrybondinate can react harmfully with simple compound substances such as sugar, water, or even protein. However, if you filter the dicrybondinate through the Gregor Barov process of nextular conditioning, you can reduce the chances of contracting Ymdrassil condition, which might affect one in his or her early 60s if untreated. The condition is much like AIDs in that it takes on an early, unnoticable form called Ymdrassil Vestra. Gatorade can cause Ymdrassil Vestra if consumed on a skeletal formulaic ratio of 6:1:7:8 (Assuming you take this ratio daily.) Another way to diminish the effects of dicrybondinate in Gatorade is to heat the phernongular crystals in the ionic modular postitron sphere field of the dicrybondinate. You must heat it to a level of 98 Kelvin, however, which will be almost impossible to achieve when not on Red Heta VIII, an uninhabited, unterraformed, and currently unnamed planet in the Zel Hibendra galaxy. This however is where my brain is, thus proving i have it not with me.
What is the effect of coffee on teeth?
Coffee makes your teeth yellow. If you try to whiten your teeth and you drink coffee, it can provide whitening as effective as any other stain. The stains on teeth are similar in chemical makeup (from smoke, tobacco, food, enamel mutation, etc.) and thus is not major determining factor. Some blogs promote great results, like Amanda, www.amandasnewsmile.com and others would rather go to the dentist. My main thing is that the yellowing will only stain and effect color and not the integrity of the teeth over the years. Tooth decay comes from many sources not the coloring.
What education or training do you need to become an oncologist?
To become an Oncologist, or cancer specialist.... To become an Oncologist, or cancer specialist, a medical degree is the first requirement and usually takes four-six years to earn (depending on the country). After that, a one (1) year internship and several years (generally two (2)) of residency in oncology will suffice. Of course, rapidly developing strategies, medicines and treatment options require continual on-going education to properly practice in the field of Oncology.
Good luck. Who knows, YOU might be the person who finally eradicates, or at least finds a viable "immunization" to prevent, what is, in all probability, mankind's most dreaded disease. An oncologist is a medical physician who specialises in treating people with cancer.... An oncologist is a medical physician who specialises in treating people with cancer.
YOu would have to do all the usual med school stuff (6 years) then intern, then residency befire starting to specialise.
It should also be noted that there are now several sub-specialties of oncology which require their own post-residency training.
How do you find the mass of an apple?
Mass of an AppleWhat a tricky question! You can easily measure the WEIGHT of an apple... or the downward force the MASS of the apple excerts in it's gravitational field on earth.
Weight is a very good approximation of MASS... but to determine EXACT mass is something you'd not be able to do in the "backyard."
Weight and mass are considered equivilent on the earth's surface. That is something that weighs 1 kilogram on earth has one kilogram of mass. It will only weigh 160 grams on the moon but will still have 1 kilogram of mass. To estimate the mass of an apple without a scale is to see how much water it displaces.
How do you make a model pyramid out of cardboard?
Make a square base, and 4 triangles of certain lengths so that all spaces are covered and also make sure that the triangles have the same angles in every corner.
What can light pass through clearly?
Your question is somewhat difficult to interpret, but presumably you are referring to visible light and the word "clearly" is key. Many media are transparent to the electromagnetic radiation we call light. Light passes through a vacuum freely, without obstruction or change. A wide range of gasses and solids transmit light (permit light to pass through) in varying degrees. Clear glass is highly transparent. Gold hammered to a thickness of a few atoms is translucent. These denser media cause temporary or permanent change to light waves passing through them. Glass causes the light to slow down slightly so that a wave front striking a flat clear glass surface obliquely is bent. Upon exiting a parallel surface into its original, less dense medium, it resumes its original speed and direction. White light is made up of a continuous spectrum of wavelengths and corresponding frequencies that we see as a rainbow of colors. White light passing into a thin sheet of gold is diffused (scattered), and while all wavelengths are absorbed to some degree, only a small amount of green light actually emerges. Light is affected by any medium other than vacuum by slowing, absorption in all or some wavelengths, and diffusion. All media denser than vacuum slow and absorb, but diffusion is a function of the clarity of the material.
An earlier answer said light passes through darkness. Somewhat poetic, perhaps, but not quite accurate. Darkness is definable as the absence of light, but if you consider light in a broader definition encompassing the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from low frequency long radio waves to very high frequency short waves like X-rays and gamma rays, you would be hard pressed to find a truly dark place anywhere in the Universe, if only you have the means to see.
How much does automotive oil weigh?
As a rough guide engine oil usually weighs about 0.87 kg/litre or about 7.2 pounds per US gallon. Unfortunately a rough answer is the best that can be done as there are hundreds of different types of engine oil with slightly different densities. To get an exact density we would have to know the details of the oil you're using. For a really accurate answer we would also have to state the temperature as the density of oil as with most fluids varies with temperature. Most oil manufacturers' provide data sheets for their products that should include density. If you search the manufacturers web site you should be able to get an accurate figure for a particular grade.
If the density of a block of wood is 0.5 cm3 what is the volume of the block if its mass is 27 g?
The units for density are incorrect. If the density of a block of wood is 0.5 g/cm3 then the volume of a 27 g block would be 27/0.5 cm3 = 54 cm3
What geometer was born in Turkey and what words did he introduce into the language of mathematics?
The following geometers were born in turkey; Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. c. 546.)
What is Paracetamol?
Paracetamol is a pain reliever, somewhat like aspirin.
WIKIPEDIA provides a very specific answer as follows:
Paracetamol (INN) (IPA: /ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl, -ˈsɛtə-/) or
acetaminophen (USAN), is the active metabolite of phenacetin, a so-called coal tar analgesic. Unlike phenacetin, paracetamol has not been shown to be carcinogenic in any way. It has analgesic and antipyretic properties, but, unlike aspirin, it is not a very effective anti-inflammatory agent. It is well tolerated, lacks many of the side-effects of aspirin, and is available over-the-counter, so it is commonly used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains.
Paracetamol is also useful in the management of more severe pain, where it allows lower dosages of additional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioid analgesics to be used, thereby minimizing overall side-effects. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications, including
Tylenol and Panadol, among others. It is considered safe for human use at recommended doses; however, acute overdose can cause fatal liver damage often heightened with use of alcohol, and the number of accidental self-poisonings and suicides has grown in recent years. The words
acetaminophen and paracetamol come from the chemical names for the compound: para -acetylaminophenol and para -acetylaminophenol. (The brand name Tylenol also derives from this name: para -acetylaminophenol.) In some contexts, it is shortened to
APAP, for N-acetyl-para-
aminophenol. In the United States, we use the term acetaminopen, commonly known by the brand name TYLENOL. Paracetamol = acetaminophen. It is a pain reliever and antipyretic. A common brand name is Tylenol.
How can you tell if a reaction is combustable or not?
Combustion is an exothermic reaction, generally categorized by the release of energy through heat or light.
A combustion reaction must occur between oxygen and a fuel. The products vary from incomplete to complete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs under the lack of oxygen, which complete combustion occurs under excess oxygen.
As long as reaction contains a fuel and oxygen, plus the need to heat, it should be a combustion reaction. The common products formed are CO2 and H2O.
What is in instant cold packs?
Ammonium Nitrate and water.
Urea + plus a Non-Toxic Cooling Additive and Water providing a safer alternative to the dangerous Ammonium Nitrate
*Ammonium Nitrate is highly dangerous and used as an oxidizing agent in explosives.
Why are some iron objects magnetic and some others not magnetic?
It all depends on the way in which the iron's 'domains' are aligned. Iron is inherently magnetic as a material, but can become demagnetized as time goes on, due to sudden impact or when affected by another magnetic source. For iron to become magnetized 'domains' need to be in parallel with each other so the magnetic field created all flows in the same direction. An unmagnetized iron source has all of its domains misaligned A brief explanation of domains are a series of positive and negative charged atomic particles within the iron itself which behaves much like tiny magnets themselves.
What time of day or year are avalanches most likely to happen?
ANSWER!
my answer to this question it would have to be when it is really cold and snowy and the snow rumbles it crashes down
My understanding was right before or right after winter. I can't tell you for sure, though.
This is an educated guess only: The most likely time of day for an avalanche would be in the afternoon and the most likely time of year would be in the spring. The logic behind this "guess" is that as the temperature begins to rise (i.e., in the afternoons and in the spring), the snow begins to melt resulting in the weight of the snowpack becoming heavier until reaching the point where the underlying snow is no longer able to support it and lets loose. This is assuming there is no external triggering event such as an earthquake.
What functions of the nervous system enable the body to respond quickly?
The fastest response from the nervous system is from the autonomic system which is involuntary. Heartbeat and reflex movement come from this system which is out of your conscious control. It is centered in the cerebellum and spinal cord. Impulses from your sense organs (a bad smell or a knock to the knee) travel to your spinal cord or cerebellum -- whichever is closest to the stimulus -- and a response (coughing or knee-jerk) travels back to the area to provoke an appropriate reponse. Some voluntary responses can become involuntary responses, such as riding a bicycle. When learning how to balance, the actions are learned over and over until they become automatic. Some involuntary actions can be controlled voluntarily, such as holding your breath or a yogi who can slow his heartrate.
What is cloning?
A clone is an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced! :)
P.S. - Cloning is like creating twin. The created twin will be far younger than the organism from which it was produced. Anyway, it needs surrogate mother womb. In a way cloning is done to 'reverse time elapsed'.
Cloning isn't just a genetic identical organism, You may take a cell from a jellyfish and place in cats, rabbit or mice and the animal glows in the dark once charged with UV light. The animals genetic structure is still the same just with another cell producing another hormone. Hope this Helps :) Good luck :)
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
What is scientific revolution?
The Scientific Revolution refers to that period in history (basically the 17th century) when men and women began to ascertain truths about life, the world, and the heavens, without resorting to Christian dogma for the answers. The beginning of the scientific revolution may be laid solidly in the lap of Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws of motion. What ever the truth about Newton and the apple, his "laws" made possible an explaination of how the heavens worked without having to conclude "It's God's will." As Newton, Gallieo, Bacon, and others devised ways to experiment and interpret what they saw around them, the scientific revolution grew far beyond what the Church was willing to accept.
What is the classification of gels?
By mass, they are classified as liquids. However, if one examines the intermolecular attractions in between the molecules, gels will appear solid. Therefore, gels are classified somewhere in between.
How do nuclear weapons work?
I suggest reading Richard Rhodes books: The Making of the Atomic Bomb and Dark Sun.
Wikipedia also contains good explanations.
There are a number of different types that operate by different principles:
1. Fission: splitting large unstable atoms into smaller ones with neutron chain reaction.
2.
1. Gun design, always uses Uranium, fires a bullet and target together with cordite down a cannon barrel to assemble a supercritical mass followed by a pulse of neutrons to start the chain reaction.
2. Implosion design, can use Plutonium, Uranium, or a composite of both, shaped charge high explosives crush this core to assemble a supercritical mass followed by a pulse of neutrons to start the chain reaction.
3. Fusion: joining small atoms into larger ones at high temperature and pressure. Note that pure fusion bombs (with no fission component at all have never been built).
4. Mixed Fission-Fusion: most modern bombs use some mixture of the reactions to optimize the weapon for the mission, the delivery vehicle, and production costs.
Fusion boosted low yield tactical fission weapon. These use a small amount of tritium gas inside the fission core to boost efficiency of a tiny low yield core with extra neutrons from the tritium fusion.
Multi-stage high yield fusion weapons. These even raise yield by fissioning the normally nonfissionable Uranium-238 isotope with high energy fusion neutrons.
etc.
Do sound waves travel better through solids liquids or gas?
Of the three mediums (gas, liquid, and solid) sound waves travel the slowest through gases, faster through liquids, and fastest through solids. This is because longitudinal waves require collisions between particles to transmit energy - in dense materials, the atoms are closer together, leading to more collisions per second, increasing the speed of transmission. Temperature also affects the speed of sound.
If heavy metals are injurious to the central nervous system why are eating utensils made of metal and do they have any deleterious affect?
I don't think stainless steel is a heavy metal.
You kind of answered your own question by referring to both 'heavy metals' and 'metal.' They are not the same thing. While 'heavy metals' are metal, not all metals are 'heavy metals.'
'Heavy metals' refer to metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density and are poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals would be mercury, cadmium, chromium, thallium, and lead.
And from the US department for Labor:
"Toxic metals, including 'heavy metals,' are individual metals and metal compounds that negatively affect people's health. Some toxic, semi-metallic elements, including arsenic and selenium, are discussed in this page. In very small amounts, many of these metals are necessary to support life. However, in larger amounts, they become toxic. They may build up in biological systems and become a significant health hazard."
The metals that we use in our everyday lives, such as in spoons, do not contain enough poisonous metals to accumulate in our body enough to do harm. And the main metals in our utensils are not at all harmful.
Note: whilst cast iron and stainless steel are actually beneficial to health, some people are concerned about the use of aluminium in pans. It's not a heavy metal, nor are deleterious effects in the small quantities caused by cookware proven, but some people only use coated aluminium as a precaution. More dangerous are copper pans which should always have an inert lining.
How easy is get a job with an Associates Degree in Chemistry?
It would be very easy to get a job but it probably won't be doing anything with chemistry. Most chemistry jobs require at least a masters or doctorate. You might be able to find work as a lab assistant doing menial tasks but without an advanced degree it is next to impossible to find work in the field of chemistry.
If people evolved from apes why are there still apes?
Why There Are Still Apes
Many people believe that man did not evolve from apes at all, we were created by God in His own image. That God gave man a human soul that makes them individual.
The only other option is a theory called evolution, by which over billions of years, the whole earth and everything in it was formed by hydrogen, which spread through the universe at the Big Bang, an explosion in which the hydrogen was formed.
Human beings (homo sapiens) related faintly related. Humans and other apes might share a common ape or ape-like ancestor.
A species only evolves to help it in its survival. The apes' ancestors could survive being an ape so they didn't continue to evolve, whereas our ancestors kept evolving to help them stay alive. Survival of the fittest is what drives evolution, and our ancestors just happened to "need" evolution more than the apes. Evolutionary process is performed by mutations, which are usually harmful or fatal. For evolution to occur, an incredible chance happened so that the mutation would not harm or kill the new creature.
Apes and humans evolved from an unknown common ancestor. This ancestor split up and evolved into different species, one became erect and the other continued as it was.
Humans didn't evolve from apes; rather, we and apes evolved from a common ancestor (who is no longer with us, we have no fossils proving this fact, but we believe it anyway). The relationship is more like cousins than parent-child.
By a very great chance, humans developed a brain that allows them to think, love, and be individual persons. Christians call this a soul. It elevates us above beasts.
There are still apes because some apes did not evolve into people. If rocks are crushed into stones, why are there still rocks? There are still rocks because some rocks did not get crushed into stones.
Different species have evolved according to the conditions and ecological niches they find themselves in. Speciation occurs when a subtle change confers an advantage on a given population.
It is also important to remember that not all changes of animals mean it has evolved. Animals have great genetic variety, to suit different environments. This is called natural selection.
Let's think of a simple example of changes by natural selection:
If the world were suddenly covered in snow, and polar bear-type predators invaded everywhere, it stands to reason that they'd be more likely to eat dark-colored animals which they could see more easily.
That would give an advantage to animals which, by chance or design, happened to be white. Animals of a usually black type which happened by chance to be *partly* white might also escape the bears. They would then be most likely to breed, passing on the white genes to their offspring.
Over time, through breeding in a selective group, all animals would become white, as the ones least suited to their environment were weeded out. Some species which were unable, by chance, to adapt, would go extinct as the polar bears ate the lot of them.
So, humans have evolved in a different way than chimps, gorillas and orangutans because the requirements of the environment we found ourselves in were different. It was an advantage for us to go in the direction we went, just as it was for the other apes.
Evolution works randomly. Natural Selection works towards the animal's specific needs. The mutation to create more hair in a cold environment would be in a specific population so some humans in the group would have more hair by nature (genetically). These individuals would in turn have a greater chance for survival in the cold environment. As they are selected for by nature their percentages will increase. More of the hairier humans will survive to reproduce and their children will be genetically driven to be hairier. That is just one of the marvelous and logical ways evolution in our nature world occurs.
Natural selection is variations in genetic genetic variety that changes a species within itself. For instance, say a tribe of fair skinned people traveled to a very hot climate, those people with darker skin would be more likely to survive thereby passing on there dark skinned genes and eventually weeding out the fair skinned people.
Evolution only occurs when it is necessary. Some apes evolved into man because either they moved to a new environment or their existing environment changed, making evolution necessary for survival. So, the apes who needed to adapt to their new environment through evolution to survive either did so or were wiped out (apparently, they changed, creating the human race), or stayed in a friendly environment, making evolution unnecessary and therefore, nonexistent (the apes in these conditions remained apes).
Technically, humans are apes.
Science never said humans evolved from apes. Science said that humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor. That makes humans and apes related species. And those who abhor the idea of humans evolving from apes may be even more incensed to learn that we did not evolve from apes, but from a more primitive species.
Who thought of the idea to build an atomic bomb?
Einstein has some credit in the development of the nuclear bomb, but never thought of it himself... I believe it was Hitler who first thought of the atomic bomb. The Germans were working on a way to harness the energy from a split atom. Einstein sent the US president a letter, telling him of the power such a weapon could have, and the Germans were working on splitting atoms. That brought about the Manhattan Project.
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The Einstein letter to FDR was actually entirely written by Leo Szilard, all Einstein did was sign it.
The writer H.G. Wells had imagined them and wrote about them in his 1914 novel "The World Set Free", but this was just SciFi.
Leo Szilard was the first to actually invent the process that makes the atomic bomb work (neutron chain reaction) in 1933 while in London and patented this on June 28, 1934.
A team of German scientists working in Germany and Sweden discovered fission in uranium-235 in 1939 and after the publication of their paper, Germany blocked further publication of the results of all research in nuclear physics.
By the time the Manhattan Project became fully active, Germany had already decided to scale back their nuclear project to just basic reactor research with the single goal of
building power reactors after Germany won the war . They considered a bomb impractical in the time estimated to win the war by conventional means, even if it was possible (and Heisenberg's calculations suggested such a bomb would be too large for any available aircraft to deliver).
To Hitler the idea of an Atomic Bomb sounded like Jewish Physics, and thus nonsense. Hitler knew nothing of physics , nuclear or otherwise, and the teaching of Einstein's theories of relativity were already banned in Nazi Germany simply because Einstein was a Jew (implicitly making it Jewish Physics) regardless of any experimental evidence confirming the theories.
How valid is the science of Astrology?
Validity of anything is determined by the results and consequences of that particular thing to most people. If you have a positive experience with something, then you tend to treat it as valid, and the opposite is true if you have a negative experience. Astrology, according to those who practice it and believe in it, is a combination Art and Science. The making of the horoscope, or the birth chart, is based on scientific and mathematical calculations, which measure the relationship between the planetary elements against their galactic locale. The interpretation of such calculations, and their proper conveyance to the respective individuals, is where the art lies. This art, as in the case with all arts, has to be mastered by people before making such interpretations and predictions. Over the centuries, there have been various arguments, for and against astrology and its validity. There is much documentary evidence available to uphold the validity of astrology and to refute fallacies about it. Even then, there are many who believe in it and also many who don�t. Some people may argue that astrology is valid because otherwise how would it have stood the 'test of time' and still have widespread use today. It is still used because, like any other belief, if something can help explain the seemingly unexplainable or give people hope or direction, then many will follow it. But belief in something does not make it true. Astrology is basically a superstition that can be fun but it remains a pseudoscience.
Answer Astrology is not a science, as evidenced by the lack of astrology courses offered by colleges and universities. It's a popular form of fortunetelling and, later, character analysis. As such, it's as valid as any other form of contemplation (meditation, Tarot, etc.) and any other form of soothsaying (i.e., not at all).
Answer None it is lies.
Answer Depends of the culture. Think of all these old "esoteric" sciences of the Orient that were defined as obsolete and "stupid" some years ago are now beginning to be more and more accepted by Occident researchers and the mass in general. Astrology is a science itself, but as there were so many liars who claimed to be doctors in 1900s and before - the Astrology domain is actually overpolluted by so many opportunists, has suffered of bad timing with our social evolution and has open the door so big to different kind of extremist that there is no way to consider this science "Valid" by the modern institutions and governments right now. With the latest discovery in term of cosmic pattern, there is a big chance that Astrology get more serious in some time as this science has driven many past and present authority figures, but a lot of water will pass under the bridges and by the time it happens, it will be named something else to not insult the modern incredules.
Which weighs more milk or water?
Milk weighs more because it is more dense.
Answer:
Milk is a complex mixture containing sugars, salts, lipids and proteins. As a consequence its mass/volume or density and its specific gravity vary with the type of cow and the specific cow.
To minimize variables the milk or water must be at the same temperature as the density of water increases as the temperature lowers (until 4oC). The density of milk = 1.003073 - 0.000179t - 0.000368F + 0.00374N, where t = temperature in degrees C; F = percent fat; and N = percent nonfat solid. Comparing the resulting data for several types of cattle, the mean specific gravity of Holstein milk at 20 C/20 C is 1.0330 (range 1.0268 to 1.0385) and for Ayrshire milk is 1.0317 (range 1.0231 to 1.0357), while Jersey milk also has a mean of 1.0330 (range 1.0240 to 1.0369). [see Sherbon JW, Physical Properties of Milk, Chapter 8 in Wong et al, 1988]
Milk is more dense than water by 2% to 4%. This is about the weight of penny per litre.
What is the difference between a phosphorescent source and a fluorescent source?
phosphorescent is glowing in the dark;reusing old light it has stored, like a glow in the dark keychain fluorescent is something that glows when energy is applied to it, such as the fluorescent lightbulb Answer As the name implies, phosphorescent comes from the element phosphorus. Many other substances which are not phosphorus can fluoresce at certain wavelengths of light. I agree phosphorous like sea waves sometomes.
How did Albert Einstein come up with the idea of the atom bomb?
Although the underlying theory of the atomic bomb workings draws loosely from Einstein's ideas on mass to energy conversion (the famous equation E=Mc2), he did not himself invent the atomic bomb neither did he himself discover fission. Leo Szilard invented the neutron chain reaction that makes both bombs and reactors possible, but Einstein knew nothing of this as the British kept the patent classified from 1936 until 1949. Einstein was an absolute pacifist and refused to participate in any type of war related work.
Before WWII Szilard wrote a letter and had Einstein sign it (as if he had written it) to warn President Roosevelt that Germany was likely working toward the development of an atomic bomb. Shortly after this the US started a project to beat the Germans to the development of this weapon.
The atomic bomb was the product of cooperation of many scientists and engineers participating in the Manhattan project. Chief among the people who unleashed the power of the atom was Robert Oppenheimer, who oversaw the project from conception to completion.
Enrichment of the U-235 from U-238 was conducted at Oakridge Tennessee. Harold Urey and his team at Columbia University devised an extraction system using the principle of gaseous diffusion.
Production reactors to make Pu-239 were built and operated at Hanford Washington.
Bomb casing development was done at Wendover Utah and in southern California.
Production of different parts was contracted out to several dozen companies. Often as the companies were not given information on the things their part attached to (for secrecy) things did not fit right and had to be reworked in the field. For example wartime MK-III Fat Man bombs were virtually custom built with no interchangeable parts. Even the Plutonium core of one bomb would not fit in the pit of others.
If some arm hair was burned or cut off what controls the regrowth so that it grows back to the same length as the rest of the hair on the arm?
The length of all of your body hair, including arm hair is controlled by the growing cycle. A hair strands growth cycle consist of: a growing period a resting period falling out and start of new growth period with a new hair strand.
The length of the growing period is fixed for each type of hair (like arm hair). The hairs grow a certain amount every day during the growth period and then stop growing. When they stop growing they are all the same length since they have grown the same amount each day for the same number of days. Usually the hairs on your arm (or leg or head) are in a mixture of different periods; otherwise all the hair would fall out at the same time. This is why the hair on your legs looks thinner after you have shaved them; only the hairs in the growing period start growing right away.
How do you get rid of all bubbles in clean water?
There are several options depending on the desired result.
If one merely wants to remove bubbles, but does not care if one removes all dissolved gasses causing the bubbles, one can just wait and bubbles will float to the top and disappear though agitating the vessel to dislodge them from the sides may be required.
A more effective way to remove gas bubbles from water is to subject it to reduced pressure. One could place the liquid into a partial vacuum, but too high a vacuum and the water will start to vaporize and evaporate and can even boil vigorously.
Heating can help. Warm water has less ability to sustain dissolved gases than does cold water, hence warm water will more readily release the dissolved gases.
Finally, distilled water has much much less dissolved gas and does not readily form bubbles.
As an aside, if the water is not clean, bubbles are more readily formed and more resistant to removal. The tendency to form bubbles is, in fact, a crude way to assess purity of water.
Some of the less logical ways are using a vacuum or a needle and poke it
How do you neutralize detergents from domestic grey water?
You get a water purifier or a softener. (A water softener wont "neutralize detergents from domestic grey water." Indeed, a softener will do the exact opposite since hard water neutralizes many types of detergents.)
Depends on what you mean by "neutralize". If you mean make the detergent no longer function as a detergent, then depending on the type of detergent there are a couple ways.
Most detergents are the conjugate base of an acid. Acidifying the solution neutralizes the base and generally significantly reduces the ability of the detergent to act as a detergent. So, simply adding acid will often "neutralize" detergents. Large amounts of vinegar, or much smaller amounts of a strong concentrated acid, can be used.
Another method of neutralizing detergents is by the addition of divalent cations such as calcium++ or magnesium++. Many detergents strongly bind to these salts and, like adding acid, the resulting compound no longer acts as an effective detergent. This is why most detergents work better in "soft" water than they do in "hard" water. Hard water contains enough divalent cations to tie up the detergents molecules making the detergent must less effective.
How is test tube cloning accomplished?
Easy, it's not....
"Test Tube" babies are a product of a process in which an egg and a bunch of sperm are isolated in one tube (dish) and once the egg is fertilized, it's inserted back into the female to grow. This is sometimes done with multiple eggs to increase the chances of one surviving with the sometimes unexpected result of multiple child birth. The DNA make-up of the child(ren) will be a mix of both the male chromosomes from the sperm and the female chromosomes from the egg.
"Cloning" is much different... The current process widely used in cloning is to take an egg and remove the genetic material from within, basically leaving an empty egg. You then insert the genetic material from whatever you want to clone (person, pig, etc) and shock the egg into thinking it's been fertilized and start splitting like a normal embryo. The biggest difference here is, since the only DNA / chromosomes in the egg is from the donor cells, in theory, the baby should be pretty much identical to it's donor. Furthermore, a father (sperm) is not needed in this process.
What is the difference between test tube cloning and test tube fertilization?
First, the term "test tube" is popular, but it is not the terminology used by scientists. They instead use the latin term 'in vitro' (literal definition: in glass; but modern definition more like 'outside the organism'; the opposite is 'in vivo'),
In vitro fertilization is simply putting sperm and egg together outside the body (and it's generally done in a dish, not a test tube!).
Cloning comes in two different forms: Reproductive Cloning and therapeutic cloning.
Reproductive cloning is the making of copy of an organism. It can be done in different ways. A natural form of cloning is to simply split an early embryo into two. At very early stages - say when the embryo is only a couple dozen cells, splitting it in half will result in the development of two genetically identical individuals. When this happens in nature, we call the offspring 'identical twins'.
Reproductive cloning can also be done by injecting the DNA from one organism into an embyronic stem cell of another, and then letting that cell divide and develop into an embryo and eventually an organism.
Therapeutic cloning is a completely different thing - When scientists talk about cloning - they are almost always talking about therapeutic cloning. Therapeutic cloning is the making of a copy of a single gene, or at it's most advanced, the copying of an entire strand of DNA. This is not used to produce another organism, but rather, to make copies of genes that can be altered and then engineered back into an animals genome.
For example, there might be a gene that confers a certain disease resistance, then can be cloned, and then spliced into the genome of a crop plant so that the plant is now disease-resistant.
Test tube cloning is altering the embryo. Test tube fertilization is when they take a sperm and egg and join them outside of the body. Then after fertilization it is placed back into the mother.
How is sound made why does it travel faster through solid elements and what is its speed?
Sound is a transverse wave made by particles banging into one another. (thus sound cannot travel in a vacuum)
In air (a gas), the particles are a long way apart so it takes longer for them to collide with one another to carry the sound.
In a solid, say a bar of metal, all the particles are jammed really close together, so if you bang one end of the bar, the wave will travel quickly down the length of the bar.
Sound travels at around 330m/s in air, and how fast it goes in solids depends on the properties of the solid, but I think for most metals it is very roughly around 600m/s
Hope this helps.
Why does a rainbow appear bent or arched in a semicircle in the sky?
Rainbows
Rainbows have been the subject of songs and poems, stories and mythology, but there is an explanation as to why rainbows appear as they do. Rainbows are light and you can't touch them. The sun must be shining and must be behind you, and there must be water droplets in the air in front of you. Sunlight shines into the water drops which act as tiny prisms that bend or "refract" the light and separate it into colors. Rays of a rainbow bend twice. As they enter the drops, the rays are bent, then they reflect off the back of the drops and bend again as they exit out the front of the drops. The rainbow is circular because when a raindrop bends light, the light exits the raindrop at a 40-42 degree angle away from the angle it entered the raindrop. The violets and blues bend at a 40 degree angle, and the oranges and reds bend at a 42 degree angle. Light can also enter droplet, be reflected off the back of the droplet, only to be reflected of the front, and then off the back again before leaving. It is bent at each phase in this process, and a second rainbow can appear above the first one. In a double rainbow, the second rainbow will appear where it does because the light will be cumulatively bent some 50 to 53 degrees. This gives it its position "outside" the primary rainbow. Also, the colors will be inverted in this bow. Rainbows don't have "ends" but are full circled, but we can't see this because the horizon of the earth is in the way. If the sun is very low in the sky, either just before sunset or just after sunrise, we can see a half circle. The higher the sun is in the sky, the less we see of the rainbow. The only way to see the full circle of a rainbow in the sky is to be above the ground and have the sun behind you. You would have to look out on the drops from an airplane to see a circular rainbow. Now, this is quite complex, so it's possible you might get away with the old standard, "There is gold at the end of the rainbow and that's what makes the colors." Be sure that you watch your 6-year old closely as he/she might decide to pack his/her bags and go hunting for that bag of gold! Another way you may get away with explaining this off is buying a "prism" (it's a glass drop) and hanging it in a sunny window. It will reflect beautiful spots of light in the room and the effects are quite pleasant to study. Another way to view a full rainbow without leaving the ground is using a garden hose. Have it spray water in bright sunlight with the sun behind you and the spray in front of you. If the entire circle is not visible you can move the hose around to see the rest of the circle. The ones seen from airplanes are more spectacular, though.
How come when you stand on your head it starts to throb but when you stand on your feet they don't?
The heart is closest to the brain, so when we walk it takes longer for the blood to get to our legs (that's why we exercise) and when we stand on our head the blood basically gushes to the brain. Your brain is saying "Whoa, what the heck is that!" Actually, it's healthy to stand on your head (in a Yoga position) because at the beginning of time man never walked standing straight and if you consider how long in one day we are on our feet (not on our head) then you can see why some people have poor circulation. Yoga is an excellent exercise and very healthy for your body.
Our circulatory system evolved for our bodies in a standing position. It takes more pressure to pump blood into the brain because it is at a higher elevation than the heart than to the legs which are lower and can take advantage of gravity. If you are standing on your head, you are adding the effect of gravity to the pressure exerted by the heart. IN ADDITION:Its all about blood pressure. When you stand on your head or are inverted, you blood pressure is increased because of gravity. The same thing happens when you swim into the deep end of a pool. The extra pressure will cause you to be able to feel and hear your heart beat in your ears and sometimes feel it in your head, especially in the temporal artery. This is due to blood wanting to flow to the lowest point in the body.
If heavy metals are injurious to the central nervous system why are eating utensils made of metal and do they have any deleterious affect?
I don't think stainless steel is a heavy metal.
You kind of answered your own question by referring to both 'heavy metals' and 'metal.' They are not the same thing. While 'heavy metals' are metal, not all metals are 'heavy metals.'
'Heavy metals' refer to metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density and are poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals would be mercury, cadmium, chromium, thallium, and lead.
And from the US department for Labor:
"Toxic metals, including 'heavy metals,' are individual metals and metal compounds that negatively affect people's health. Some toxic, semi-metallic elements, including arsenic and selenium, are discussed in this page. In very small amounts, many of these metals are necessary to support life. However, in larger amounts, they become toxic. They may build up in biological systems and become a significant health hazard."
The metals that we use in our everyday lives, such as in spoons, do not contain enough poisonous metals to accumulate in our body enough to do harm. And the main metals in our utensils are not at all harmful.
Note: whilst cast iron and stainless steel are actually beneficial to health, some people are concerned about the use of aluminium in pans. It's not a heavy metal, nor are deleterious effects in the small quantities caused by cookware proven, but some people only use coated aluminium as a precaution. More dangerous are copper pans which should always have an inert lining.
Why does hot water coming from a faucet have a different pitch noise than cold water coming from a faucet at the same pressure?
Water Pressure
Here is what Contributors had to report on water pressure sounds:
First, the temperature of the water affects the internal diameter of the faucet and faucet neck where the water is delivered. Hot water coming through the faucet neck will cause inward expansion, parially closing off the neck and altering the acoustic characteristics of the faucet neck. Cold water will have the opposite effect. Second, hot water follows a different path from cold water.
The hot water pipe will have a different length in most cases because it is coming from a different place; this, combined with the resonant frequency of the water heater itself, will alter the resonant frequency of the plumbing compared to the (mostly) straight-through cold water pipes.
Actually pipes expand outward when hot. That is, they will have a larger diameter, both internally and externally. They also become longer.
The actual answer lies with cavitation of the water... which is where the sound is coming from in the first place.
As the water crosses the partially opened valve of the faucet, it undergoes a rapid decrease in pressure. This decrease in pressure leads to the creation and collapse of tiny bubbles of water vapor and dissolved air in the water. This effect is called cavitation and is quite noisy as the small bubbles collapse and generate shock waves. -At colder temperatures, fewer and smaller bubbles with a shorter lifespan are created.
At higher temperature, more, longer lasting, and larger bubbles (and the sound they make) are created. This changes both the pitch and intensity of the sound as the water temperature changes. It's also why you can change the sound by opening and closing the valve slightly, which changes the drop in pressure.
How many gallons are in a cubic gallon?
That question should probably be phrased differently. Gallons are a measure of volume. So are cubic inches and cubic feet. There are 231 cubic inches in one 1 gallon of fluid, and if that fluid is water, then it weighs 8.32 pounds. There is no such thing as a cubic gallon.
Cubic is a term that implies a quantity raised to the power of three. Linear distance measurements -- inches, feet, centimeters, etc. -- can be cubed. Multiplying three terms that use the same units -- length, width, and height, for example -- results in an answer in cubic units, which implies something that takes up space and has a volume. So perhaps you really meant to ask, "How many gallons are in a cubic foot?"
What is the connection between organisms in a stream and the dissolved oxygen level
Organisms in streams need oxygen to live when lacking dissolved oxygen it will kill these organisms. edit: unless the organisms in the stream are photosynthetic, in which case they will increase the oxygen levels. however, by far, most organisms in a stream are not photosynthetic and oxygenation occurs solely through aeration and surface area dissolving from the air. so, to answer the question, organisms (most organisms which aren't plant-based photosynthetic organisms) decrease the amount of oxygen in a stream. edit: a flowing stream has turbulence which helps aerate the water, increasing dissolved oxygen. In contrast, stagnant water tends to be low in dissolved oxygen, except near the surface. Multicellular animals (like fish) need a good supply of dissolved oxygen to thrive.
How do you fix Christmas lights when a whole row will not work?
Fix Christmas Lights most off the time it is the fuses. they are in the plug most have 2 slots that slid out where the fuse are located just replace the fuses and that should take care of your problem. however 90% of the time this is not the issue.
What is the scientific term of dependent variable?
The dependent variable might be termed the "ordinate".
The dependent variable in an experiment is the data you are collecting.
When some variable depends on other variables, it is called the dependent variable. For example, the temperature of something will depend on how long you heat it, and the on the rate of heat input via a flame or something. The temperature would be a dependent variable, because it depends on the time and fuel input to the flame (independent variables). Sometimes written like y=function of x and z, or y=f(x,z).
Here y is the dependent variable.
You could then ask how much time it would take to get to a specified temperature. from that point of view, the time taken would depend on the input to the flame and the specified temperature. In that case the dependent variable in the problem is the time taken, since it depends on the other terms, now regarded as the independent variables since you are specifying them as inputs to the problem.
<<>> Dependent variables are also sometines described as exogenous variables.
If an account is reported as delinquent does it matter what the amount is?
Yes, all the factors that are used to determine your credit score are important.
When any credit account is delinquent, the amount of the delinquency is not AS significant as the fact that it was not paid as agreed, but it is a factor.
Does it look bad on your application if you only take three science classes in high school if you are not majoring in a field that requires a science?
No it is not bad if you do so because it does not matter since you are majoring in something else. Most colleges only require 2 or 3 science classes to get into the college. Since you are not majoring in science related field, you are fine taking just enough to get in. Another thing that might help you is if those 3 classes that you took were some of the more challenging classes. 3 years of the harder science classes might mean more than 4 of the easier ones.
How is plexiglass made?
melt calendering
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Plexiglas is the trade name of the polymer polymethylmethacrylate. Objects from PMMA are manufactured by extrusion, injection or compression. The method of cells casting was abandoned now.
What are advantages of static electricity?
Static Electricity
Static electricity is usually a 'high voltage' but low power form of electricity. You can experience it by getting a shock when touching a door knob (winter time, dry cold air, walking across a carpet) or seeing socks clinging to other clothes in a dryer. While static electricity can easily destroy miniature electronics, it is a major component in making copiers and laser printers work. Other forms of electricity typically have much greater power capabilities and can be just as useful or destructive.
Lightning is static electricity, and it can damage buildings and harm people.
The disadvantages of static electricity would be that it is quite unpleasant if you get a shock. I think the advantages would be that it could help scientists to make progress in their 'inventions' or 'studies'. Also it is quite a lot of fun! I love doing experiments in class with static electricity and making bits of paper stick to my ruler. (NB. I am only 12)
One disadvantage I think it be is that you could get a shock and it could hurt.(Ouch!) Another disadvantage is that if you take off your hat in winter time and you have long hair (which I have), your hair will be sticking up very badly. One advantage is that you could do cool experiments with static electricity like make water bend, make cereal fly, and other cool stuff. You could also get a shock which might hurt but personally I don't think it hurts, I think it's cool. Another advantage is that in summer, if you take off your hat and you have long hair, you don't get static because in summer it isn't that humid. Another advantage is that in school, you get to do lots of cool projects where you can make pepper fly or off or on a piece of paper with a balloon (or make your hair follow where ever the balloon goes if you have long hair.)
Static electricity is used to paint cars, the charge makes the paint spread evenly.
Static electricity can damage sensitive electrical components, such as the parts inside your computer. To prevent this, these parts are handled with antistatic bags and wrist straps, which drain the static charge off the person. Static electricity can also cause uncomfortable shocks to a person who becomes "charged up". To experience this shock, drag your feet across a carpet in socks, then touch your finger to a doorknob.
Assuming we are talking about negative effects to your computer here, the damage occurs when your RAM which is basically millions or billions of tiny electrical switches, and is found in most components of the computer (aside for just the actual RAM boards), is exposed to static electricity. The static electricity can magnetize those tiny switches and cause them to not be able to flip on and off anymore. As a result, your computer can suffer drastically reduced performance or even cease to function entirely.
Have you built a Vandegraff generator? Or a Leyden jar? Those things are fun!
Static electricity can be responsible for the ignition of flammable gases, such as the vapors produced by petrol (gasoline) when you are filling your car.
Static electricity can be harmful when you get a shock or by walking across the carpet and then touching a doorknob and getting a shock. But forget those dumb thing but have forgotten about those really cool experiments that we did in grades 4-8? For example making cereal fly and making pepper fly.
It has limited distance.
Well, what are we using it for? Making my hair stand up? It works for that. Or making dust stick to my monitor screen. Or causing loud crackling noises on the radio, maybe. These valuable tasks aside, static is more a nuisance than anything. If you come up with something more useful to do with static than zap my cat when I try to pet it, please let me know.
Static electricity develops in some circumstances in electrical insulators -- glass, plastic, etc. It's often a nuisance byproduct which can't be directly avoided in the course of doing something useful, such as making your CRT monitor operate. Sure it attracts dust, but an occasional wipe with a damp cloth isn't to high a price for most of us to pay for the advantage. If the nuisance or danger is sufficient, then some means of dissipating the static charges safely must be provided, such as the grounding straps which hang down from the gasoline tanker, eliminating the static charges before they cause a problem. I guess it's valid to ask whether we truly "use" static electricity. If you have one of those plastic oil change reminders which clings to your windshield without adhesive, you are "using" static electricity. No particular disadvantage there, with plenty of advantage over adhesive. There may be a few other cases where the presence of static charges may be anticipated and exploited, but it's generally not reliable enough to truly use.
Another [other than copy machines] advantageous USE of static electricity is in "painting" metallic products by a method called "POWDER COATING." As the name implies, liquid paint is not used, but the "paint" is applied to the article in the form of a dry powder.
Then the object is placed in an OVEN to soften and fuse the powder into a homogeneous film. Some objects which are painted by this method include: bicycle, tricycle, and motorcycle frames, metal filing cabinets, metal frames of office chairs and tables, etc., etc.
A dry powder sprayed on these metals DOES NOT WANT TO STICK. So, to make it stick until it can be melted/fused in the oven, STATIC ELECTRICITY IS USED. The metal object is hung on a metal conveyor line, which is charged negatively [I think], while the spray gun and paint powder is charged positively [I think. The polarity could be the other way around]. Then when the positively charged powder is sprayed onto the negatively charged object, it "sticks." Once the powder is melted/fused, it is firmly "stuck" to the metal object. Again, this is another EXAMPLE of an advantage of STATIC ELECTRICITY
it is used in printers to distribute the ink.
it is used in air fresheners and to clean up pollution.
Does it matter if a 30A dryer is plugged into a 30A outlet through a 50A pigtail?
for USA, Canada and countries running a 60 Hz power supply service.If the current draw through the circuit is less than the rated current of the circuit then there is no problem. In this case if it is a 30 Amp dryer
fed through a 50 amp outlet on a pigtail that has a 30 Amp plug
plugged into a 30 Amp outlet
on a circuit protected by a 30 Amp breaker
No worries!
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It is wise to place an over-current device (fuses or circuit breakers) in your pigtail, though.
-EDIT- Only if it's a 50A outlet. If you have 50A wiring on a 30A breaker you are quite safe.
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As always, if you are in doubt about what to do, the best advice anyone should give you is to call a licensed electrician to advise what work is needed.
Before you do any work yourself,
on electrical circuits, equipment or appliances,
always use a test meter to ensure the circuit is, in fact, de-energized.
IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY SURE YOU CAN DO THIS JOB
SAFELY AND COMPETENTLY
REFER THIS WORK TO QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS.
Why would you receive an electric shock when you touch the chromework and one particular stove element when it is energized?
YOU have become a conductor. In simple terms: If you touch an energized circuit wire (hot) with one hand, and something metal (that is grounded) with the other hand....ZZAAP! Your stove likely isn't grounded properly. The socket for that particular element is probably leaking current to the chassis as well.
Check your outlet and the cord for proper grounding, replace the socket for that element, and trace the wiring for that element back to the switch to make sure it's not chaffed.
Some places have 120 Volts and others 240 Volts What is the advantage of one over the other?
The answer given below refers only to USA, Canada and other countries using the same type of 60 Hz, 240 Volts "balanced around ground" system for standard mains power supplies to homes, offices, etc. Basically, it comes down to reducing the amount of lost power due to resistance of the wires in the walls of your home. Higher voltages can deliver more power to a load, with less power lost in the transfer. The downside is that higher voltages are more dangerous, and require more insulation to keep the wires safe to touch.
The long explanation
The reason behind why it can transfer more power, is a bit complicated. It all comes down to Joule's laws. Power used (P) is equal to Voltage (V) times Current (I). (P=I*V) So twice the voltage will transfer twice the power. So why not just use double the current, and avoid the safety issues with higher voltages?
Wires conduct electricity, but they also have some resistance. The more the resistance, the more power is lost due to heat. The power loss in wires can be calculated by using the equation P(loss)=I^2*R (or current times current times resistance). We'll ignore resistance for now, and assume it's constant. If you double the amount of current going through a wire, you quadruple the power losses and heat generated by 4 (2 * 2 = 4). So by using twice the current, you have transferred twice the power, but are now losing 4 times more power in the wires. The amount lost is small, but not trivial.
So let's say we want to cut our power losses by a factor of 4, while still transmitting the same amount of power. Remember the equations P(loss)=I^2*R and P(used)=I*V.
We can double V and halve the I and still get the same amount of power:
1/2*I * 2*V = I*V = P(used)
This will cut our power losses by 4:
1/2*I * 1/2*I * R = 1/4*P(loss)
Or, we could cut the resistance by 4 and leave I and V alone:
I*I * 1/4*R = 1/4*P(loss)
To do this though, we would need to increase the size of our wires which can get expensive, and is much more difficult to install.
There are other much more complicated reasons as well, dealing with mutual inductance and power factor correction, but they can be ignored as they're way outside the scope of this answer.
What plants will survive next to a salt water pool?
Terrestrial plants that are able to survive in or very close to sea or brak water are called Halophytes, this means that they are able to either process salt water or extract water from salt water.
Most plants cannot survive on sea/ saline or brak water, as the process of osmosis that enables water to be drawn into the roots cannot work due to the high concentrations of salt; in fact the process is reversed and water is drawn out of the roots and into the saline soil.
Here are some saltwater plants.
Red Mangrove Propagule
Shaving Brush Plant
Halimeda Plant
Kelp on Rock, Smooth Leaf
Kelp on Rock, Grape
Maiden's Hair Plant
Mermaid's Fan Plant
Chaetomorpha Algae - Aquacultured
Ulva Lettuce Algae - Aquacultured
If looking for a tree in addition to Mangrove, in laboratory tests Russian Olive has been found capable of surviving extremely sodic conditions. Check to see if this tree is invasive in your area.
Would a black or white colored inground pool be easier to heat?
A black bottom pool will be slightly easier to heat than a white bottom pool, but the difference will be very, very small.
Yes, some very small amount of extra energy will be absorbed by the black color and absorbed into the water that would otherwise be reflected by the white color pool, but this small amount of heat is dwarfed by the large amounts of heat that are lost or absorbed by the water due to air temperature, wind speed, evaporation, cover, heating method, etc.
Most people choose their pool color based on design and/or looks and then get a good pool solar cover to help keep it warm (regardless of the color).
Do you have to spray the fresh gunite with water so it does not dry out?
Absolultely, after an intitial set you want the concrete to dry at 50% humidity and a temp between 50 to 70 degrees if possible. Proper hydration is key too much water bad concrete too little water bad concrete. Or use curring blankets but be careful here. Best results are to wet down the concrete 2 twice a day for the first 14 days. Dont use too much water, just what the concrete/gunite needs.
If you do not have a service valve on your hot water supply to the hot tap how do you turn off the supply to change a washer?
Not much choice other than to shut off the water to the entire house at the meter or at a secondary valve that may be installed where the water main enters the house.
Yes, that is the only way, other than freezing the pipe using a special tool some plumbers carry, where if no valves are found or if all the valves are faulty the plumber will resort to freezing the pipes, this is a very complicated process and must be carried out by a qualified plumber, because you only have a certain amount of time before the pipes become unfrozen (climate depending) and if you are not finished by then, you'll be in big trouble.
Why would the shower water only get really hot when the cold water is turned on in the tub?
Because someone has connected the hot water line to the cold service. They are reversed. Answer I'm not a plumber, so I don't know if the first answer is correct or not. However, our landlord replaced our shower fixture with one that could be adjusted so that it prevented burns. He was pretty proud of it because it was supposedly an expensive model & it was safer for kids. The plumber that installed it used the default settings, I think. But I was unhappy with it for the longest time because I could never ever ever get a HOT shower out of the thing. And I didn't want to turn the water heater up because that uses more energy & runs up the utility bill. Eventually, I got brave enough to pop the cover off the shower control handle and discovered the little safety lever to adjust the water from cooler to hotter. Everything worked fine after that.
